Past Year Paper

CONFIDENTIAL BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENT300/ETR300 SEPTEMBER 2011 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of four (4) parts : PART A (20 Questions) PART B (20 Questions) PART C (5 Questions) PART D (2 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A, B, four (4) questions from PART C, and one (1) question from PART D. i) ii) iii) Answer PART A in the True/False Answer Sheet, Answer PART B in the Objective Answer Sheet.Answer PART C and PART D in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) ii) iii) iv) the Question Paper an Answer Booklet – provided by the Faculty a True/False Answer Sheet – provided by the Faculty an Objective Answer Sheet – provide d by the Faculty 4. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 10 printed pages Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PART A 1. An entrepreneur is described as a person who acts as agent in transforming demand into supply. The statement, â€Å"A entrepreneur is an individual who actively forms or leads his own business and nurtures it for growth and prosperity†, refers to the functional definition of an entrepreneur. In Malaysia, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute about 90% of the total value added in the manufacturing sector.The franchisee is a company which sells the right to another party to operate the franchise business. In a franchise system, the advertising and promotional contribution is a one-off payment made by the franchisee to purchase the right to operate the franchise In Malaysia, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are commonly registered as sole propri etorship businesses. The affairs of all business entities in Malaysia are governed by the Memorandum and Article of Association.In a partnership business, when there is no written agreement, termination of any partner must be agreed by all partners Under the Industrial Coordination Act (ICA) 1975, every manufacturing company is required to obtain a manufacturing license from Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA). Preparation of a business plan is a process that involves the identification, analysis and selection of viable business ideas. The executive summary is part of the main body of the business plan. A well prepared operations plan will help the entrepreneur to evaluate market acceptance of the product or service.A â€Å"process chart† refers to a diagram showing the arrangement of machines, equipment, workers and other facilities used in the operations Compilation of geographic, demographic and psychographic factors is a process of market segmentation. The t erm â€Å"target market† refers to the group of customers with needs and wants that can be satisfied by the business through the supply of goods or services. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. It is not mandatory for employers to contribute to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) as long they have contributed to the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO). Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 16. CONFIDENTIAL 3 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 17. The nature of industry is normally described in the organization aspect of the business plan. One of the main reasons for preparing a cash flow statement is to determine the expected profit for the planned period. Deposits and pre-operating expenses are examples of expenditure that are required to start a new business. The main objective of Bumiputera Entrepreneurs Retail Project Fund (PROSPER) is to enhance and upgrade Bumiputera entrepreneurs' participation in the retail business. 20 marks) 18. 19. 20.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 4 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTB 1. Which of the following activities is related to entrepreneurship? A. B. C. D. E. Creation of something new of value Creation of wealth Production of products and services Expansion of business entities All of the above 2. Who described an entrepreneur as a knowledgeable individual and is instrumental in the development of a city-state where enterprise will emerge? B. C. D. E. F. Joseph Schumpeter Adam Smith David McClelland Carl Menger Ibnu Khaldun . Which of the following statements best describes an entrepreneur who has internal locus of control? A. B. C. D. E. He believes that success or failure is determined by his own effort. He believes in himself. He does not belief that success or failure of his venture is determined by fate or luck. He desires to take personal responsibilities. He examines the situation and determine how to increase the chance of winning a business situation 4. The stat ement, â€Å"a successful entrepreneur places the highest priority on getting a job completed†, is associated with: A. B.C. D. E. Commitment to work contract Concern for high quality of work Efficiency orientation Systematic planning Problem solving 5. Which of the following phases of creativity process involves discovery of the idea or solutions to the problems? A. B. C. D. E. Background or knowledge accumulation Incubation process Idea experience Evaluation and implementation None of the above  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 5 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 6. Which of the following is a source of innovation within the company or industry? A. B. C. D. E.Demographic change Incongruities New knowledge Change in consumer preference None of the above 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE about a partnership business? A. B. C. D. A partnership business is incorporated under the Companies Act 1965. A partnership business is incorporated under the Partnership Act 1961. A partnership business is incorporated under the Business Registration Act 1956. A partnership is a legal entity and its identity is separate from the identity of its members. E. The life span of a partnership business is not dependent upon the death or resignation of its members. . Which of the following statements about a private limited company is NOT TRUE? A. A private limited company can take legal action and face legal action under its own name. B. The life span of a private limited company depends upon the death or resignation of its members. C. The liabilities of the members in a private limited company are limited to the total shares contributed to the company's capital. D. A private limited company must have at least two members who are of Malaysian Nationalities. E. The company's shares cannot be transacted through the share market. 9.Which of the following statements is TRUE about a franchise business? A. A franchise is a product and/or service distribution system governed by a contract made between two parties i. e. the franchisor and the franchisee B. A product/trade name franchise is a system where the franchisee acquires sales right which includes the trade name, trademark, and/or products from the franchisor upon the signing of the dealership contract. C. A business format franchise is a system where the franchisee is granted the right to manufacture and market the franchisor's product and/or services using a complete franchisor's business â€Å"set-up†.D. The franchisee is a person who purchases the right from the franchisee to operate the franchise. E. All of the above are true. 10. Which of the entrepreneurs? A. B. C. D. E. following ministries/agencies provides financial assistance for Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) Malaysian External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) Malaysian Entrepreneurship Development Centre (MEDEC) Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad (PUNB). Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) CONFIDENTIAL  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 6 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 1. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A. Construction of buildings can only be undertaken with the written approval from Local Authority. B. In setting up a manufacturing business, a planning permission from Local Authority is needed. C. All business licences related to factory premises, advertising signage, storage and canteen must be obtained from Local Authority. D. The environmental control and approval are under the responsibility of Local Authority. E. All of the above are not true. 12. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a business plan? A.A business plan is a written document that describes the proposed business or project in a comprehensive manner. B. A business plan can be used as a basis for determining the viability of the new business. C. A business plan can be used as a communication tool to convince potential investor s of the viability of the new venture. D. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to distribute business resources more effectively. E. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to evaluate and select a viable business idea. 13. Readers of a business plan include: I. II. III. IV. A. B. C. D. E.Employees Investors Suppliers Registrar of Companies II only II and III only I, II and III only I, II, and IV only All of the above 14. Which of the following is an objective of preparing a marketing plan? A. B. C. D. E. To evaluate market acceptance To develop marketing strategies for products or services offered by the business. To identify required resources to execute the marketing strategy. To estimate financial requirements for the marketing activities. All of the above are objectives of preparing a marketing plan.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 7 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 5. The following factors should be considered when determining distribution stra tegy, EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. Type of product Target market Market share Market coverage. Product standardization 16. Which of the following information should be included in the â€Å"organization† aspect of the business plan? A. Background of the registered owners of the business including their relevant qualifications, skills, experiences, role in business and stake or share in the business. B. Mission statements which describe how entrepreneurs will achieve their purposes in the environments in which they conduct business.C. Nature of the industry, including economic trends, important legal or regulatory issues, and potential risks. D. Product characteristics, distribution, promotion, and pricing strategies. E. Amount of funds needed to run the business, amount available, and amount requested from new sources. 17. Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing suppliers for raw materials? A. B. C. D. E. Quality of the materials supplied Price and discoun t offered Payment and delivery terms Time between orders and delivery All of the above factors should be considered 18.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a process chart? A. Symbols used in the process chart can also be used in a Job Activity Chart of a worker. B. Process Chart will show the sequence of activities required to produce the product or services. C. In a process chart, â€Å"delay† means the process is delayed because the materials-inprocess are waiting for the next activity. D. The symbol † V † indicates the movement of materials or goods from one place to another. E. The first step in preparing a process chart is to identify all the activities involved to manufacture the product or deliver the services. Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 8 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 19. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A. Sources of finance refers to the sources where funds to finance a particular project implementa tion costs can be obtained. B. Internal sources of finance mainly come in the form of cash contributions or other assets from the entrepreneurs. C. External sources of finance are mainly derived from commercial banks, finance companies and government agencies. D. External sources of finance may come in the form of term loans, hire purchase or grants. E. All of the above are true. 0. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Pro forma income statement refers to the projected statement of cash inflow and outflow throughout the planned period. B. Pro forma income statement shows the expected profit or loss for the planned period. C. Pro forma income statement shows the financial position of the business at a specific point in time in terms of assets owned and how those assets are financed. D. Pro forma income statement shows the beginning and ending cash balances for a particular period. E. All of the above are true. (40 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARACONFIDENTIAL C ONFIDENTIAL 9 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTC QUESTION 1 Briefly explain five (5) of the personal entrepreneurial competencies (PEC) associated with successful entrepreneurs. (5 marks) QUESTION 2 What are the criteria used to evaluate and select viable entrepreneurial opportunities? (5 marks) QUESTION 3 What are the factors that you need to consider when choosing a location for your business? (5 marks) QUESTION 4 In preparing the organization plan, it is important include the organization structure of the business organization. Briefly explain the various types of organizational structure. 5 marks) QUESTION 5 Briefly discuss the importance of preparing financial plan. (5 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 10 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTD QUESTION 1 Define the term â€Å"entrepreneurial motivation†. Discuss, with examples, five (5) common characteristics of achievement-oriented entrepreneurs. (20 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain the importance of materials requirement planning. Describe the steps involved in materials requirement planning process. (20 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL Past Year Paper CONFIDENTIAL BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENT300/ETR300 SEPTEMBER 2011 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of four (4) parts : PART A (20 Questions) PART B (20 Questions) PART C (5 Questions) PART D (2 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A, B, four (4) questions from PART C, and one (1) question from PART D. i) ii) iii) Answer PART A in the True/False Answer Sheet, Answer PART B in the Objective Answer Sheet.Answer PART C and PART D in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) ii) iii) iv) the Question Paper an Answer Booklet – provided by the Faculty a True/False Answer Sheet – provided by the Faculty an Objective Answer Sheet – provide d by the Faculty 4. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 10 printed pages Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PART A 1. An entrepreneur is described as a person who acts as agent in transforming demand into supply. The statement, â€Å"A entrepreneur is an individual who actively forms or leads his own business and nurtures it for growth and prosperity†, refers to the functional definition of an entrepreneur. In Malaysia, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute about 90% of the total value added in the manufacturing sector.The franchisee is a company which sells the right to another party to operate the franchise business. In a franchise system, the advertising and promotional contribution is a one-off payment made by the franchisee to purchase the right to operate the franchise In Malaysia, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are commonly registered as sole propri etorship businesses. The affairs of all business entities in Malaysia are governed by the Memorandum and Article of Association.In a partnership business, when there is no written agreement, termination of any partner must be agreed by all partners Under the Industrial Coordination Act (ICA) 1975, every manufacturing company is required to obtain a manufacturing license from Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA). Preparation of a business plan is a process that involves the identification, analysis and selection of viable business ideas. The executive summary is part of the main body of the business plan. A well prepared operations plan will help the entrepreneur to evaluate market acceptance of the product or service.A â€Å"process chart† refers to a diagram showing the arrangement of machines, equipment, workers and other facilities used in the operations Compilation of geographic, demographic and psychographic factors is a process of market segmentation. The t erm â€Å"target market† refers to the group of customers with needs and wants that can be satisfied by the business through the supply of goods or services. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. It is not mandatory for employers to contribute to the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) as long they have contributed to the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO). Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 16. CONFIDENTIAL 3 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 17. The nature of industry is normally described in the organization aspect of the business plan. One of the main reasons for preparing a cash flow statement is to determine the expected profit for the planned period. Deposits and pre-operating expenses are examples of expenditure that are required to start a new business. The main objective of Bumiputera Entrepreneurs Retail Project Fund (PROSPER) is to enhance and upgrade Bumiputera entrepreneurs' participation in the retail business. 20 marks) 18. 19. 20.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 4 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTB 1. Which of the following activities is related to entrepreneurship? A. B. C. D. E. Creation of something new of value Creation of wealth Production of products and services Expansion of business entities All of the above 2. Who described an entrepreneur as a knowledgeable individual and is instrumental in the development of a city-state where enterprise will emerge? B. C. D. E. F. Joseph Schumpeter Adam Smith David McClelland Carl Menger Ibnu Khaldun . Which of the following statements best describes an entrepreneur who has internal locus of control? A. B. C. D. E. He believes that success or failure is determined by his own effort. He believes in himself. He does not belief that success or failure of his venture is determined by fate or luck. He desires to take personal responsibilities. He examines the situation and determine how to increase the chance of winning a business situation 4. The stat ement, â€Å"a successful entrepreneur places the highest priority on getting a job completed†, is associated with: A. B.C. D. E. Commitment to work contract Concern for high quality of work Efficiency orientation Systematic planning Problem solving 5. Which of the following phases of creativity process involves discovery of the idea or solutions to the problems? A. B. C. D. E. Background or knowledge accumulation Incubation process Idea experience Evaluation and implementation None of the above  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 5 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 6. Which of the following is a source of innovation within the company or industry? A. B. C. D. E.Demographic change Incongruities New knowledge Change in consumer preference None of the above 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE about a partnership business? A. B. C. D. A partnership business is incorporated under the Companies Act 1965. A partnership business is incorporated under the Partnership Act 1961. A partnership business is incorporated under the Business Registration Act 1956. A partnership is a legal entity and its identity is separate from the identity of its members. E. The life span of a partnership business is not dependent upon the death or resignation of its members. . Which of the following statements about a private limited company is NOT TRUE? A. A private limited company can take legal action and face legal action under its own name. B. The life span of a private limited company depends upon the death or resignation of its members. C. The liabilities of the members in a private limited company are limited to the total shares contributed to the company's capital. D. A private limited company must have at least two members who are of Malaysian Nationalities. E. The company's shares cannot be transacted through the share market. 9.Which of the following statements is TRUE about a franchise business? A. A franchise is a product and/or service distribution system governed by a contract made between two parties i. e. the franchisor and the franchisee B. A product/trade name franchise is a system where the franchisee acquires sales right which includes the trade name, trademark, and/or products from the franchisor upon the signing of the dealership contract. C. A business format franchise is a system where the franchisee is granted the right to manufacture and market the franchisor's product and/or services using a complete franchisor's business â€Å"set-up†.D. The franchisee is a person who purchases the right from the franchisee to operate the franchise. E. All of the above are true. 10. Which of the entrepreneurs? A. B. C. D. E. following ministries/agencies provides financial assistance for Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) Malaysian External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) Malaysian Entrepreneurship Development Centre (MEDEC) Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad (PUNB). Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) CONFIDENTIAL  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL 6 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 1. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A. Construction of buildings can only be undertaken with the written approval from Local Authority. B. In setting up a manufacturing business, a planning permission from Local Authority is needed. C. All business licences related to factory premises, advertising signage, storage and canteen must be obtained from Local Authority. D. The environmental control and approval are under the responsibility of Local Authority. E. All of the above are not true. 12. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a business plan? A.A business plan is a written document that describes the proposed business or project in a comprehensive manner. B. A business plan can be used as a basis for determining the viability of the new business. C. A business plan can be used as a communication tool to convince potential investor s of the viability of the new venture. D. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to distribute business resources more effectively. E. A business plan enables the entrepreneur to evaluate and select a viable business idea. 13. Readers of a business plan include: I. II. III. IV. A. B. C. D. E.Employees Investors Suppliers Registrar of Companies II only II and III only I, II and III only I, II, and IV only All of the above 14. Which of the following is an objective of preparing a marketing plan? A. B. C. D. E. To evaluate market acceptance To develop marketing strategies for products or services offered by the business. To identify required resources to execute the marketing strategy. To estimate financial requirements for the marketing activities. All of the above are objectives of preparing a marketing plan.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 7 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 5. The following factors should be considered when determining distribution stra tegy, EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. E. Type of product Target market Market share Market coverage. Product standardization 16. Which of the following information should be included in the â€Å"organization† aspect of the business plan? A. Background of the registered owners of the business including their relevant qualifications, skills, experiences, role in business and stake or share in the business. B. Mission statements which describe how entrepreneurs will achieve their purposes in the environments in which they conduct business.C. Nature of the industry, including economic trends, important legal or regulatory issues, and potential risks. D. Product characteristics, distribution, promotion, and pricing strategies. E. Amount of funds needed to run the business, amount available, and amount requested from new sources. 17. Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing suppliers for raw materials? A. B. C. D. E. Quality of the materials supplied Price and discoun t offered Payment and delivery terms Time between orders and delivery All of the above factors should be considered 18.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about a process chart? A. Symbols used in the process chart can also be used in a Job Activity Chart of a worker. B. Process Chart will show the sequence of activities required to produce the product or services. C. In a process chart, â€Å"delay† means the process is delayed because the materials-inprocess are waiting for the next activity. D. The symbol † V † indicates the movement of materials or goods from one place to another. E. The first step in preparing a process chart is to identify all the activities involved to manufacture the product or deliver the services. Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 8 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 19. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A. Sources of finance refers to the sources where funds to finance a particular project implementa tion costs can be obtained. B. Internal sources of finance mainly come in the form of cash contributions or other assets from the entrepreneurs. C. External sources of finance are mainly derived from commercial banks, finance companies and government agencies. D. External sources of finance may come in the form of term loans, hire purchase or grants. E. All of the above are true. 0. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Pro forma income statement refers to the projected statement of cash inflow and outflow throughout the planned period. B. Pro forma income statement shows the expected profit or loss for the planned period. C. Pro forma income statement shows the financial position of the business at a specific point in time in terms of assets owned and how those assets are financed. D. Pro forma income statement shows the beginning and ending cash balances for a particular period. E. All of the above are true. (40 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARACONFIDENTIAL C ONFIDENTIAL 9 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTC QUESTION 1 Briefly explain five (5) of the personal entrepreneurial competencies (PEC) associated with successful entrepreneurs. (5 marks) QUESTION 2 What are the criteria used to evaluate and select viable entrepreneurial opportunities? (5 marks) QUESTION 3 What are the factors that you need to consider when choosing a location for your business? (5 marks) QUESTION 4 In preparing the organization plan, it is important include the organization structure of the business organization. Briefly explain the various types of organizational structure. 5 marks) QUESTION 5 Briefly discuss the importance of preparing financial plan. (5 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 10 BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 PARTD QUESTION 1 Define the term â€Å"entrepreneurial motivation†. Discuss, with examples, five (5) common characteristics of achievement-oriented entrepreneurs. (20 marks) QUESTION 2 Explain the importance of materials requirement planning. Describe the steps involved in materials requirement planning process. (20 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

The Rise of the Modern American Presidency

To begin, an anecdote that many are sure to recall and relate to is presented: as the United States found itself in a war, the likes of which it had never seen before, the President found himself at a crossroads of policy, power and the consequences of his actions, for whatever course he took, there would be political fallout. All of his advisors had something to offer, and of course, his critics and political enemies all stood ready to witness his downfall should he falter in his resolve or fail in his judgment.Ultimately, com/unit-3-our-government-today-the-legislative-and-executive-branches/">the President took full advantage of his powers- granted and implied- and set forth with his course of action, touching off a firestorm of disputes over the level of power he actually possesses, how much input such governmental bodies as the US Congress has in times of presidential posturing, and the like. The scenario presented sounds as if it could have been torn from the current headlines, as President George W.Bush is engulfed in controversy and opposition for his exercise of power in the midst of the modern war on terrorism, but a quick glance backward into the annals of history shows that this same scenario, albeit with some differences in circumstance here and there, could apply to Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, and certainly could apply to any number of other presidents.The point to be made is that the increase and exercise of presidential power is one of the most critical issues and points of contention in American politics. Even in light of past (and present) poor decision making on the part of American Presidents, and the scandals that have rocked the presidency to its core in the past, every indication is that presidential power will only continue to grow as the 21st century unfolds and the complexity of the American political system grows (Shafritz, Weinberg).In this research, the different conceptions of th e proper role of the President in the American political system will be presented and discussed, with an ultimate goal of tracing the rise of the modern presidency, when/why the President became so powerful, why this power has endured, and whether or not the researcher favors and alternative, as well as the advantages/disadvantages of such powerful leadership. The Rise of the Modern American Presidency As this paper began, an anecdote was presented that in fact applies to every generation of presidential leadership in America.The existence of such power begs the first question of when this power first began to emerge. By design, the presidency of the United States was constitutionally intended to be of course an executive leadership role that was ultimately independent of the Congress that was also originated by the same Constitutional mandates (Lowi, et al). Therefore, from the beginning of the US itself, the President was placed in the position whereby he would have assert the pow ers of the presidency if he were to be able to gain/sustain any sort of assertive power during his years as chief executive.Throughout American history, there have been examples of passive and aggressive, weak and strong presidents, all because of their ability-or lack of ability- to successfully establish a power base within their administration. This power base can be gathered through a variety of means, such as the assembly of a powerful cabinet of advisors who in themselves possess the fortitude and connections to make their boss a more formidable chief executive, through holding the favor of Congress, such as when Congress is controlled by the political party of the president in question, or through his own cunning, skills or outright deception.Whatever the case may be the net effect over the past two centuries plus has been that the presidency has risen to a pinnacle of varying degrees of power, depending upon the person holding the office. When/Why the American President Gain ed Such Power The power that the President has the option of exercising or relaxing, according to most sources, has its modern roots in a specific administration and period of American history.The President was FD Roosevelt, and the time was immediately upon his assumption of office in 1932, through World War II, and up to the time of Roosevelt’s death in office in 1945 (Shafritz, Weinberg). In fact, the precedent that Roosevelt set with his administration seemed, in retrospect, to have taken the presidency to a new level of modern power. There are a few possible reasons for this. One reason that is frequently cited by many historians is the dawn of the development of the nuclear weapon- often called the dawn of the Atomic Age.With the existence of technology that could literally destroy the planet in a matter of moments put forth an interesting dynamic for the political landscape of America- first, although it was a highly guarded secret at the time, prior to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan in 1945, the corridors of American presidential power undoubtedly came to the realization that they not only had an awesome responsibility to wield nuclear weapons in a careful manner, but also that there were likely other powerful nations, such as the USSR, who also held in their possession nuclear weapons that could likewise destroy the planet as we know it.Therefore, the American President became not only in a sense the judge, jury and executioner for the nation and the rest of the world, but also a sort of protector for all of the peaceful people of the world. From that point forward, international relations, technology and the deterioration of the state of peace in the world has galvanized the power of the American President.Why the Power Endures The endurance of the power of the President of the United States, it now appears, is essential to endure because of the dangers that lurk in the nations of the world, making it necessary for the American President to be a sort of watchdog for the entire planet. Additionally, there are other, more transparent but nonetheless significant reasons why presidential power endures.Whether anyone would care to admit it or not, the President of the United States is in many cases kept as a powerful individual due to the fact that the major political parties of America use the presidency as a central source of influence and clout for their party when a President from their particular party holds the office; therefore, it is of mutual benefit for the President and his party to work to support each other, and a key ingredient that is needed to make the coalition work is the gathering and retention of power.Elected officials likewise will help to make the President more powerful in exchange for his support in their political activities and aspirations. Literally, it must also be acknowledged that the President of the United States is explicitly granted certain powers by the US Constitution (Lowi, et al). Some of these-what are known as expressed powers- are somewhat automatic for the President. Others- known as delegated powers-many times require the consultation of Congress and others in order to be exercised.This being said, however, one only needs to look at today’s headlines to find countless examples where the current President has overstepped the boundaries of what is traditionally permitted on the President’s own initiative. Many claim that this is literally illegal-others are simply outraged- some take both stances. Therefore, what we see is that the President of the United States has acquired some powers, has some powers that are constitutionally built-in, and has other powers that have simply been grabbed without permission.Pros/Cons of Presidential Power Presidential power has its advantages and disadvantages- in many cases, the difference between the two lies in political affiliation and/or personal opinion. On the positive side, few would argue th at a President with the ability to defend the nation successfully from enemies, keep the economy going strong, and provide for the welfare of the people through the acquisition of power would be an unfavorable scenario.On the other hand, the â€Å"cons† of presidential power include possible abuses of that power, unfavorable consequences of the wielding of that power, etc. In any case, there will never be a perfect balance of presidential power, but perhaps there are ways to keep the power in check while still keeping the President as a strong leader for the good of the people. Researcher’s ViewsThe result of this research, in the mind of the researcher, has been to come to the realization that absolute presidential power is not a favorable situation, nor is the situation of a weak President who has to seek permission and motivation to accomplish anything. Therefore, the researcher herein puts forth an opinion that the issue of the appropriate level of presidential pow er cannot be answered with a political debate, election or document.It can, however, be balanced with presence of politically active citizens who speak out when the president oversteps his boundaries of authority, works to improve the nation, and constantly holds the President to a high standard of accountability and responsible use of power. Then, and only then, can presidential power be correctly held and utilized. Conclusion The President of the United States, even centuries after the foundation of America, remains an enigmatic contradiction- he needs to be powerful, yet that power needs to be regulated and monitored.Therefore, in closing, let this point be understood- blind faith in any leaders will inevitably create chaos. As such, every American has the responsibility to express their opinions, be heard, and fight to keep the presidency what it was intended to be- the voice of the people. Works Cited Lowi, Ginsberg, Shepsle (2005). American Government: Power and Purpose. 9th e d. New York: WW Norton and Company. Shafritz, Weinberg (2005). Classics in American Literature. 3rd ed. Pittsburgh, PA: Wadsworth.

Recommendation letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recommendation letter - Essay Example I have seen astonishing results from him on complex projects that have offered great attention to detail where quality was never compromised. Additionally, he has a very positive attitude and truly embraces learning all there is to know about trading. I have never seen an equity analyst consistently show such strong desire to learn trading that I simply could not turn him down. I knew that with him on board our trading team would continue to accelerate. Although Tiecheng has consistently exceeded in most of his trading positions as a trader, he is constantly looking for new challenges. The best example of his intelligence shone through a modified strangle option strategy he initiated. Before the stock market plunged nearly 1000 points on May 6th, he proposed to me that we should gradually establish a strangle option position that plays markets volatility due to Greece concern. That position alone has generated tremendous return to our portfolio. Tiecheng Zhang has worked as a trader for almost a year. The thing that impresses me the most about him is how he deals with pressure. The stock market is quite competitive and often tough to break into, and many with high hopes do not survive the pressure. One terrible trade in the industry sometimes can destroy a good trader mentally. However, Tiecheng always managed to turn a negative event into a positive learning experience and never makes the same mistake twice. It is my belief that a postgraduate education will help Tiecheng to truly succeed by improving his talents. I am confident that you will find him to be a student whose talents will shine further through your graduate program. It is my hope that you will accept his admission to your university. Feel free to contact me at [number] if you require further information. Ive been Tiecheng Zhangs managing partner at Zhang Capital Management for almost two years. I had the great pleasure of seeing him excel from an equity analyst at the

Business ethics individual written report Essay

Business ethics individual written report - Essay Example Without revenues, the companies, especially Nestle Company, will be forced to close shop. Closing up equates to filing a bankruptcy proceeding in the courts of law. The company complies with all health ethics and other community ethics standards. Likewise, Nestle Company does not reduce its current zeal to propagate the importance of implementing the ethical standard with the company’s territorial boundaries. The company sells products that will aid in the enhancement of the current and future customers’ health. The company also accepts and adheres to the current and future customers’ rights to receive valid and relevant information that will lead to the increased safety of all parties concerned. The parties include all stakeholders of the Nestle Company. The stakeholders include the customers of Nestle Company. The stakeholders include the managers of Nestle Company. The stakeholders include the company’s investors. The stakeholders include the Nestle Com pany’s creditors. The stakeholders should also include the current and future customers. Without the customers, the Nestle Company may not be able to generate as much sales as when there was an abundance of current and future customers (Stevens, 2009). In one situation, the customers were disheartened by the unfavourable side effects of patronising the Nestle products. Consequently, the company must not prioritise increasing revenues alone, at the expense of the customers’ sufferings. Nestle Company complies with the ethical standards of the community. The company’s milk and other food products contribute significantly to healthy individuals. The main goal of the company is to produce product that meet the current and future customers’ desire to become healthy (Stevens, 2009). By taking the Nestle products, the current and future customers will have better health conditions. With the Nestle products being distributed to the public, more people are able to buy the hard to find Nestle food products. Consequently, the Nestle Company’s 2008 financial reports indicate that the company was able to generate an estimated three percent growth rate. Further, the favourable growth rate occurred when the company sold products in the global health market segment. The same favourable growth rate arose when the company sold its popular branded products in the global wellness market segment. Likewise, the Nestle Company created an innovation of the marketing activities within the factory production process in order to maximize net profits. The company’s capacity to effectively respond to any external and internal factors of business threats can be easily rehabilitated. The Nestle Company’s marketing strategy includes the ethical selling of added value Nestle products (Stevens, 2009). Further, Nestle places primary importance on incorporation of business ethics. For example, Nestle was instrumental in the implementation of ethic al standards. During the 1970s, Nestle introduced business ethics in the marketing and distribution of infant formula. The Nestle’s implementation of ethical standards was done during the selling of the infant milk formula in the third world market segments (Boyd, 2012). During the same time period, the Nestle Company spearheaded the boycott of milk food and other related products branded as established violating business ethics policies. During the Nestle boycott of ethically wanting food products, Nestle recommended the filing of charges

Coastal engineeringdesign of a cocastal defence scheme in south east Essay

Coastal engineeringdesign of a cocastal defence scheme in south east england - Essay Example There would be safer swimming opportunities, and improved conditions on surfing. It is important that these benefits are for all the local community members and the surfers as well. From the results found, management and guidelines for the appraisal of coastal defence projects should be amended to incorporate non-market amenity benefits. The integration of the planning and management of the coastal land and associated inshore waters are the strategic and comprehensive attempts at the issues affecting the country's coastline. Since coastal defence has been unplanned in the past 10 years, a more strategic approach had been taken through the Shoreline Management Plan and the Coastal Defence Strategies. The protection of coastal land and the communities from the destruction of the sea is a major concern all over the world. Climate change and the predicted rise in sea levels are likely to further the concern in the future. In England, the estimate of over one million properties valued at over 130 billion are at risk from coastal flooding, 113,000 properties valued at 7.7 billion for coastal erosion. ... The good project appraisals are needed to ensure that the taxpayers would receive a good value for their money from coastal defence projects. Defra(then MAFF) in the UK had produced a series of flood and coastal defence projects and this includes a guidance documents for the appraisal of projects. The supplementary note does not address the changes made, the interim guidance does not address one of the key changes made in the revised book namely the incorporation of values for the non-market and environmental benefits and costs that are associated with flood and the coastal defence projects. One method of sea defence is groynes. Groynes are used in the UK and all over the world to prevent coastal erosion The use of timber, stones, concrete or steel in the construction of groynes. These are used to prevent "longshore" drift and to restore beach volume. It had been proven that the use of groynes play an important role in the protection of coastal system on shingle beaches and that groy nes can be a very good form of coastal management. The use of timber groynes declined by the introduction of beach nourishment scheme, moreover, timber groynes have poor characteristics that are susceptible to the creation of rip channels as well as higher levels of reflection than rock groynes. Rock had become a popular choice of construction material for groynes. The main reason for this is the intrinsic property to dissipate wave length energy and low levels of reflection. Rock groynes demonstrates more effectively than timber groynes, specifically on mixed sand and shingle beaches. Groynes are often regarded as unattractive. Houses uses the seawall as sea defence. The overflow of sea water is being prevented by the seawall. That is when water flows over the

Theodore McKenzie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theodore McKenzie - Essay Example His shirt, damp from the humidity, outlining his lean built and his broad shoulders, bonded tightly onto his skin. Like tiny crown jewels, droplets of sweat constellated on top of his straight yellow hair - comparable to the colour of the corn kernels. In fact, Theodore remembered other boys referred to him as a corn child, not to mock him or anything - except that he stood out among the rest of the children whose skins were less pallid and whose hair was as dark as burnt wood. Theodore, when he was a child, on his way home from school, used to pass along the tiny path in the middle of the cornfields. Cornfield farmers usually allotted space in between rows of corn so that it would be easy for them to cut grass and weeds that 'affect growth of maize' at least that was how Simeon, an ageing lanky tenant who lives in a shack near the foot of the mountains, explained it. Simeon's wife used to beat him up with corn stem every time he comes home drunk after swigging a jar of coconut wine concocted by the residents in the valley. Theodore remembered the paths to be always free of weeds and he thanked Simeon and the farm workers for that. The brownish soil formed mounds and crests just like those of waves, and when it rained - as it always rained - water cruised along the paths, and the soil glued firmly on his shoes, like sticky rice cake fixed on one's tooth - elevating his black leather boots a few centimeters more. Theodore could not bear walking like that an d he would often take his boots off and walk barefoot towards home. Although sometimes, the blades of corn leaves protruding towards the path and towards him, would cut gently through his skin as a knife with a jagged edge would cut a pinnate leaf, leaving linear marks on his arms. When he was a boy, Theodore recalled going home one day after school, passing through the fields, towards the end of the vast plantation where a lone Baroque-inspired mansion formidably stood. His house was the only structure that could be seen from afar - even if it was viewed from the hills or from the mountains or tens of kilometers away. Its red brick roof looked like a red piece of cloth on a yellow floor during that time of the year, as the plants were almost ready for harvest. The corn's golden kernels still sparkled under the setting sun casting a red glittery reflection on each bead. Almost everyday on his way home, as he approached his house, Theodore would always hear his mother playing music, humming a tune or fingering Wagner on the piano. He didn't know Wagner nor liked his music but his mother manipulated her favorite musical instrument with passion, a kind of ardor, which Theodore had never seen in someone else's fingers or behavior. Today was a strange day though. On his way towards the door, Theodore didn't hear the piano nor hear his mother humming a tune. Instead he heard his father's voice. It was shaky but apparently angry. "What do you mean you don't know where she went" his father was interrogating Teresa, one of the housekeepers. " She is gone Senor Leopold. I looked everywhere. She was not in her room either." "Are you sure you looked in the neighborhood for her" From the doorway, Theodore saw his father's anxious face, his brows creased and his lips parted and shaking like a leaf hanging onto a stem. "We have looked everywhere and we saw one of the suitcases" His father swiftly interrupted the young maid. " She wouldn't do that!

How does FTAs(Free Trade Agreements) affect between U.S and South Essay

How does FTAs(Free Trade Agreements) affect between U.S and South Korea - Essay Example And now they are finally reached an agreement for free trade between two countries. And South Koreans are quiet happy over it, because South Koreans economic analysts felt that as a unilateral threat. It was announced on 2nd February, 2007 and was finalized on 2nd April 2007. It is believed to be the second biggest Free Trade agreement by United States. South Korea is one of the largest exporters in auto market and also electronics market, so there is a lot of scope for Korean goods in United States. Now the ninety percent tariff would be eliminated on goods being imported from these countries. After Free Trade agreement they can easily export their goods in United States, which was a major concern of Koreans. They used to think that United States is taking more benefits from their country, as Korea is one of the biggest markets for US goods, so it was the reason that they consider economic ties between United States and Korea as unilateral instead of bilateral. The Free Trade Agreement or Treaty between United States and South Korea is beneficial and profitable for not only the governments who will definitely gain a lot of profit but mainly for the people of two countries, who will likely to be the major winners in this situation. They will have access to the new products on a reasonable price and also they will get new jobs, which is a result of new industries and investments. The trade relations between United States of America ... US helped in Korean independence and also played a major role in dividing two Koreas after World War II and like this two Koreas were formed, North Korea and South Korea. The relations between United States and South Korea are widespread from the beginning, since its independence in 1948. They shared great ties in political, economical and military grounds. US troops have been deployed in South Korea, as accordingly South Korea faces a serious military threat by its not-so-friendly neighbor, North Korea, but there comes a tragic incident of death of two girls by US troops in an accident during their training. The rage of nationalism hits South Korean at that point and now US is withdrawing its troops. Although they got internal pressure from their own country regarding this, as there are voices heard for that how economically expensive it is to deploy their troops in South Korea and that is also just for the threat by some other country. Although President Bush accused North Korea, along with Iran and Iraq as the "Axis of Evil", in his early days of president ship but now with the recent peace developments between North and South Korea, there is litt le need for US troops. The first reason for this is the insecurity felt by South Koreans regarding their trade relations with United States. South Korea is included in ten biggest markets of United States goods, which means that United States is earning a lot of revenue from South Korean market. But it is not the same with South Korea. They were not earning much from United States and this was what makes South Koreans insecure about this relationship. The analysts used to call it "unilateral relation"1. I think that with the background of this reason, it is the best that United States did.

FDT 2 week 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FDT 2 week 8 - Essay Example Specifically, the article is quite not clear about its main thesis, especially when it says that the human trafficking and smuggling are heinous crimes against the humanity. It should be appealing if the author was able to include on what ground do these crimes violate or interfere the promulgation of the international law. It might be necessary to present at some point the international laws relevant to telling that human trafficking and smuggling aside from posing risks to people also violate the law. The thought linked to this should have made the point clearer as to the issue and on the ground that human trafficking or smuggling are crimes against the humanity. On the other hand, the author basically presented some reasoning about the danger or threats linked to human trafficking and smuggling activities. However, this point should have rich supporting details in order to make the entire argument smooth and vibrant in its general

Good Night, Good Luck Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good Night, Good Luck - Essay Example The movie covers the conflict between Murrow and McCarthy and the Sub –committee on investigation. Murrow considers the character of McCarthy as careless and criticizes his actions since he exploits the public (Nitzsche, 2007). The main aim of Murrow is to enlighten the public, and he works tirelessly with his staff in the CBS newsroom. The staff is very supportive and they back his up this delicate mission. They rebel to the sponsorships pressures, and they expose the lies and fear mongering techniques that McCarthy uses. A public argument develops when the senator accuses the Anchor of being a communist. A fear filled atmosphere is filled in the newsroom, but the crew carries on with their tenacity on the issue. The media house decides to show the real character of McCarthy by airing a story on a navy pilot who was a security risk the USA. The Navy pilot named Milo was a security risk since his father had attended meetings that were related acts of communism. Radulovich was asked to denounce his family but could not and he was charged guilty even without there being a trial (Nitzsche, 2007). The story was controversial since it created a bad image for CBS, and it created a risk of advertisers not paying on stands against the senator. The media house however moves the show to a non-popular night to minimize the controversy and protect their image. Murray is however not stopped since he has to prove his accusations o the senator. He had an idea that the Air force was wrong in the way they imprisoned Radulovich an act that had not been brought to the public. Murrow was determined to expose the senator’s secretive and atheistic nature. McCarthy, on the other hand, was determined to stamp out communism. McCarthy accuses innocent people of being traitors without providing any evidence. The movie documents cases of Milo and Lee

Sentencing Within the Criminal Justice System Essay

Sentencing Within the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Aggravating factors pointing to a larger sentence include relevant previous convictions, whether the offence was committed while on bail, whether excessive violence was used, whether the victim was engaged in public service or was old and vulnerable. Mitigating factors pointing to a shorter sentence include, young age at the time of the offence, the past character of the offender, the degree of provocation, and whether the defendant pleaded guilty. Clearly the sentence in any particular case will depend on the individual circumstances and it is therefore difficult to compare cases without being aware of the background of facts. In Northern Ireland and England, sentences are assisted by guideline cases which help to ensure consistency in decision making. 3Sentencing The criminal Justice Act 2003 made a number of changes to the sentencing framework for England and Wales. These stemmed from recommendations of the Halliday report, Making Punishments Work" in July 2001. Northern Ireland Ministers recognized that there were equivalent issues to be addressed in Northern Ireland. The sentencing framework in Northern Ireland differs somewhat from that in England and Wales, but not substantially. The notable difference is in relation to imprisonment and its aftermath; In England and Wales, with the exception of short term sentences, time spent in prison is linked to a period spent in the community under supervision and with conditions... These stemmed from recommendations of the Halliday report, Making Punishments Work† in July 2001. Northern Ireland Ministers recognized that there were equivalent issues to be addressed in Northern Ireland. The sentencing framework in Northern Ireland differs somewhat from that in England and Wales, but not substantially. The notable difference is in relation to imprisonment and its aftermath; In England and Wales, with the exception of short term sentences, time spent in prison is linked to a period spent in the community under supervision and with conditions attached. In addition, sentences of four or more years are subject to discretionary release on the decision of the Parole Board. However, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in England and Wales changes that position. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 in section 2.1 addresses the issue of custodial sentences of 12 months or more, whereas an adult offender receives a custodial sentence of at least 12 months, but less than 4 years wi ll automatically be released at the half way point and will then be supervised under license until the three-quarter point of the sentence. The problem here is, the last quarter of the sentence has no effect on the offender unless he or she commits another offense. Additionally, there is good news for the authorities and perceived bad news for the public; When the offender leaves custodial confinement, the government will immediately begin to accrue savings on the 86,000 pounds which it cost to house him in the previous year.

African Americans jazz Essay Example for Free

African Americans jazz Essay Many believe that jazz is a music that African Americans played together with the Creole musicians during the 19th century in New Orleans, Louisiana in United States that bind the race together, black and white Americans. This is also considered as the ancient and most distinguished musical genres in North America and known as â€Å"America’s classical music. † Based from the quote of Gerald Early, a lecturer and a writer of African – American studies, he emphasizes that America will be known from three things: in the Constitution, sports (baseball), and in jazz music, since these are the most captivating things that they developed. Jazz is a type of lyricism that reflects on the Great American promise and expresses hope for freedom in slavery. It is also illustrated by the exceptional attribute of collective improvisation and should be performed with the right feelings about it. According to Louis Armstrong if you will ask, you’ll never know. He discovers the secret behind the jazz music, that’s why he became known as one of the successful musicians and leading stars in the whole world. The early jazz musicians create a great impact to the life of many as they change their point of view towards music. Although, jazz music is originated from the black, who are considered outsider but living in America, wherein they use this as a passage to be accepted in the society, still America truly owns this music. I prove it accurate because the New Orleans jazz musicians improve, develop, and patronize this music until the whole world has known it. One more thing, jazz has a big role to the history of America. This music becomes the expression of freedom because way back in 1970, it played a major role in the life of African American culture. Their longing for freedom is emphasized as they sing. I also believe that jazz eliminates the discrimination between the white and black people, that’s why I strongly agree that jazz belongs to America because the whole history of this country is the song itself. The history of jazz is deeply rooted in America and until now the musical tradition lives here. Works Cited The Importance of Jazz in American Culture | Jazz More http://jazz. learnhub. com/lesson/6809-the-importance-of-jazz-in-american-culture#ixzz0ESyZePQVA The Importance of Jazz in American Culture http://jazz. learnhub. com/lesson/6809-the-importance-of-jazz-in-american- culture#ixzz0ET3vi6UcA A History of Jazz http://www. historyjazz. com/ The History of Jazz Music http://meltingpot. fortunecity. com/zaire/721/introframe. htm Jazz Music http://www. smallsjazz. com/

Business game Essay Example for Free

Business game Essay Reflection on Personal Performance in Business Strategy Game Business strategy games involving management process before confirming the decision to be made. Lesson learned taken from the business game, from the process and the content from the case (industry and situation condition of the business). Management Process Planning was the first process taken. Reading and understanding the relevant information was necessary and plays a significant role in planning process. Expectation was established in the planning, and followed stepping process until all aspects have been determined, including all distinctiveness in production (capacity, model, etc. ), transportation (shipping), labor, etc. Planning is critical, and it was indicated in the business strategy games, in which it required quite some time to achieve an agreement. Time was also a factor should be considered, and it drove the discussion on the planning to obtain the agreement. Organizing was also needed in the game to obtain optimal process. One opinion was listened and it organized the discussion and the direction of the process toward certain strategy. Other opinion was taking in to consideration, whether support or as devil advocacy to the strategy. The process also managed by organizing the flow of discussion to center on the strategy with already decided to be focused on. One person plays role as organizer at one time became a source person or follower in the other time. This approach of organizing made the progress of the discussion in the one focal point that describes the strategy taken which leads to the decision. When a member played the role as organizer, then the member did directing the process and content according to the chosen strategy, and also can happened that the strategy can be changed according to the expected result and considering assumption of strategy of the competitors. Some times in the process, one or more member can have their drive going down. In this situation other member did motivated the team to keep up the winning spirit. Controlling was also involved in the process, by focus on one thing and sacrifices in other thing, align with the strategy. These four processes of management were implemented in the process of gaining the final decision and in determining the content to be made (such as production/manufacturing, shipping, labor, price, etc. ), in which the final decision was made by consensus. The experience in the game gives the learning point in practicing of implementing management process, planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Within a given time, group should be able to do planning (including crafting the strategy, and establish the goal), organizing the process (including agreed on the road map of the process, listening and expressing opinion, and adjusting to the characteristics of the group), directing (including do and accept direction, motivating others, make or initiate decision), and controlling (to be aligned with strategy). Management Functions Strategy plays a critical role in the process, and aim to make the company have differentiation that creates competitive edge compare with the competitors. Decisions are determined align with the chosen strategy. Strategy such as increasing market share and or increasing price to obtain more profit, and or have a low cost production by moving the manufacturing to the low cost location, and or lowering the labor cost, and or increasing the quality of the product, etc. , were became the issues discussed during the process. Any decision made in the process should be linked to the strategy and eventually to the expected result (goal). Marketing management initiatives plays important role in the process. Attention was put in the advertising or promotion program. The decision on the initiatives was made in relation with other initiatives, and initiative should be congruence to be able to reach expected impact. Operations management was also applied, in order to have efficient and low cost production, to be able to lower the price, or put emphasizing in better quality of product and therefore adjust the price to a higher number. Having different locations of manufacturing was also part of consideration in operation management, including the days needed for shipping, and inventory level. Financial management was critical. At the end of the day, the success of the strategy, whether the plan was achieved of not, was determined by facts and figures which was analyzed and interpreted in terms of financial. The situation or condition of the company was considering of profitable, safe or potentially bankrupt, and whether the strategy was effective or not was determined from numbers including financial ratios. Production plan and realization, exchange rate, labor cost, product sold or unsold, inventory level, price, etc. were contributed to the financial condition, and will be analyzed further for determining next strategy (for next run). Human Resource was also had major role in the decision process. Number of labor involved, salary and incentives, were several factors considered in human resource function. During the discussion it was also considered incentive factors as the factor that can boost the motivation of the employees, in which can increase the productivity and eventually proportionally can lower the cost. Experience in the business games told that the management functions will be more effective if it was take into consideration in integrated way. The strategy made was comprise of many functions of management, Working in Teams Team work was a factor that can smooth the progress of the practice toward a productive way. At one time one member took the role as leader, and expressed the idea or opinion which regarded as reference that was supported or argued by other members. The leader than guide or direct the process toward obtaining acceptable or best solution. Other member played role as follower, tried to understand point of view of the leader, and gave opinion to enrich the information for having the decision. In one process it can happened that the role of leader was switch from one member to another member, and lead the discussion toward the decision. Working in team in the business games demonstrated by listening to other opinions or ideas and, gave contribution to the group by doing analysis and expressing constructive argument and idea or opinion to the group. In the process of making group decision, group tried to obtain consensus, with all group members support the decision. Experience and Lesson Taken to Working Place In leading unit in the working place, it is important to have clear goals for the unit, which are determined in the process of performance planning that usually take place at the beginning of the year. The goals comprises of organization (unit) objective, and individual objective which should be clear and measurable (refer to SMART Goals principle) and cascaded from top to bottom, means that the goals are aligned from executive or manager position to staff position. Having a clear goals or expectations will make all employees within the unit know exactly what are expected to be achieved and will make the monitoring of performance become more effective, and eventually it will make the evaluation of the achievement more effective. Leader should be able to define the goals, which reflected what the unit wants to be, particularly for the respective year. For the unit, strategy than decided to define what is the best way to achieve the goals or answering how to get there. Leader should be able to determine the strategy, which should consider of having different way of doing rather than just following the same thing. Strategy should have put into consideration opportunities and obstacles that can potentially will be faced along the year. For the unit performance, flow of work, service level agreement, number of employee, training and development program that will have impact to the quality of work, compensation practice, etc. should be considered in order to have effective strategy. Every people in the organization have potential, and leader should put effort to unleash the potential of the individual and support them to perform in their work. Many initiatives of improvement or programs come from the people in the unit that can give positive impact to the unit. Motivation is needed to keep the work spirit not fall to the lower level. Leader should do coaching to ensure people in the unit understand and on track, make sure that people move to the same direction with same strategy. Every function of management can be implemented to achieve optimum result. Managing the operation implemented to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of work. Human resource management will help in ensuring what unit do are align with the business. Financial management can be implement whether in business or support function, for instance to measure Return on Investment of certain initiatives. As member of management team, we should contribute in a positive way by giving opinion and ideas, or doing what has been decided productively. Discussion should be conducted in conducive way, listen what other people say and express opinion to reach to the decision. When decision has been made, member should follow and committed to perform the decision in effectively. Success of the unit is also determined by the competency, performance, and contribution of the members. To have an optimum result, member should be able to look the purpose as unit purpose not individual purpose. This principle can create synergy between members in the team and can contribute more to the performance of the team. The business strategy games provide inspiration that can be applied in the working situation. Having competitors that can affect the result of one group convey the message that in establishing standard, one unit should not look into inside factors, but should also consider outside factors. The capability of the unit can be seen differently and will lead to different goals and strategy. Strategy can be different if the external condition is supportive and indicates opportunity and will be different if the external conditions are not accommodating. Macro and micro analysis can be conducted to have a more comprehensive analysis for obtaining effective and right decision. Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/business/reflection-on-personal-performance-in-business-strategy-game-business-essay. php#ixzz2leirR8KT BUSINESS SIMULATION GAMES INDIVIDUAL REFLECTION PAPER On 10 November 2010 afternoon, Our Can group get a chance to get the materials business simulation games, the first time we were a little confused and not understand what the content and intent or purpose of this program. Until then we get the opportunity to play an active role play in the game by forming a company in our Group Can. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary I am a member of cans group discussion 3, in this business game, we manage the company named CHAMP. We chose the name CHAMP for our company becouse we hopes that companies will become a leader or a winner in this Business Simulation Game. Growth of our company in this game very interesting and gave many valuable lessons. Our company was ranked second on the game in first year, after making changes in the manufacturing and marketing strategy; we became the first winner in the game in the second year. In the third year we make changes in the shipping, manufacturing also marketing strategy again to maintain its position as champion, but in the fact that our ranking dropped to be number 3. In the fourth year we wanted to get back into champions. We did totally change the strategy in all sections and mainly to increase product awareness, we contracted with many famous artists paid a high price for promotion. But the results we slumped to the lowest ranking (sixth). This surprised us and made us confused to find out where our biggest mistakes in managing the company. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary noun camp compound Did not want to continue to decline, in the fifth year we try to flash back to learn the success stories in the first and second year, besides that we also study the companys strategy of competitors, then we create a new strategy and the results we were able to ride into fourth place. In the sixth year we try to make small changes to strategy in several sections and the results we rose again to number three. In the seventh year we do not make changes to our strategy and stay at rank 3. After doing business game above, there are many valuable lessons that I get. Those lessons were: About Management Process (Planning, Organizing, Directing, Controlling) In managing a company as a manager or owner of a business we must have: a. Planing ? Both long-term planning and short term, this really helps us to determine the strategy or action we should do in the near future or the preparation for long-term corporate strategy. b. Organization ? Complete, clear and transparent as one of the supporters because of the companys people are assets of a company†, the placement of people with appropriate knowledge and skills that will facilitate the acceleration of the process as well as the operations of a company. It also must be supported by a clear Job Description and detail-enter the respective functions of the organization. c. Directing ? In the governance of a company also must be supported by rules or standard operating systems or procedures are clear and understood by all line employees. we often call with company regulations, standard operating procedures etc. d. Controlling ? As a manager or owner in a company we still have to implement controls on employee performance, corporate governance, corporate operating costs and market conditions that support the smooth and that we manage the companys growth periodically. We can also be done with checking Monthly Report / Balance Sheet , hold on monthly meetings, etc. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary adjective inside deep indoor internal interior profound inland intrinsic cavernous thoughtful three-dimensional adverb deeply sound preposition in within on to inside under in the course of prefix endo- 2. About Management Function (Strategy, Marketing, Operations, Finance, Human Resources, etc. ) Strategy ? Corporate strategy should be set appropriately by considering several factors, including supporters of human capital, finance, market share and also that there are competitors in the same type of business with our company. In the governance of a business may take a few strategies such as for launching a new product needs some backup strategy, it is necessary whenever the initial strategy does not show results in maximum then we still have some alternative backup strategy, so it does not require a long time to take any action appropriate in market penetration. Marketing ? According to my opinion, the success rate of a company also backed with the full functionality of the marketing is true both in the company engaged in the services or products etc. Capable marketing, product master, around the existing market and marketing must knowing the strengths and weaknesses of competitors. Listen Operations ? Operational support from both system and service level aggrement factor in a process of corporate governance is very important. It also needs to be supported with the latest technology. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary verb hold conduct make organize provide establish arrange carry out throw take set up call launch institute stage put on bring about impose carry on incur exercise levy open put up effect float lay on negotiate afford touch off operate stage-manage generate phrase bring into being Finance ? A company can be said in good condition when to generate maximum profit. As a manager or the owners of a company we should be able to manage our capital versus operating costs required, the greater the profit earned by production costs that are not too large will show the healthy of a business. However, we also must consider the placement of funds and financial governance of our company, whether already in accordance with the budgeting or is not appropriate. In terms of business expansion or major factor that should we consider is the condition of our corporate finance, whether supportive or not, when lack of support but the potential or opportunities that we have a large, one financial source of our business is on loan from the Bank with a source of return and specific timeframe. Human Resources ? In addition to the above factors one important thing to note is that inadequate human resources that are reliable and have the skills to suit the needs of the company. A competent leader should be able to determine the amount of labor requirements and can put the right people-enter the respective divisions within an organization. 3. About Working In Teams To work as a reliable teamwork are some things we have to consider include: Get familiar with either all members of the team, it is useful to the division of tasks and towards solving problems that arise. We must be willing to hear opinions of all members of the team in making changes in strategy or action for operasinal company. Explore more information and opinion that reliable and resonable with the case or problem that we should solving as a good team work, eq. Browsing some data from internet or from any sourches. Putting the right people on the job or responsibilities in accordance with the characteristics of our team members are. Based on the experiences and lessons I got from the business game I have done, I plan to apply some advantages in my workplace. As the leader of my unit : A leader should have strong leadership and enough skills to manage the organization and the company. Planning, directing (also mentoring or choaching program) and controlling periodicly to all of my sub ordinate. Delegate some responsibilities to the deputy business with a fixed control function properly . Sharing knowledge to all sub-ordinate, sub-branch manager and exploring new knowledge, new technology and strategy for the success of Bank Mega Cluster Balikpapan Special Hire employee from another Bank (Manager or Marketing) to help me manage the company and make the vision 1000 of Bank Mega become reality (become the leader bank in Balikpapan – East Kalimantan Indonesia) As a member of my management team : Being more creative, proactive and always have new ideas to supporting the management team More details in targeting business opportunities and increase market share. Establishing a reliable team work with 2-way communication is effective and still value the opinions of other members of management team Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/business/business-simulation-games-individual-reflection-paper-business-essay. php#ixzz2lej5YvdS REFLECTION PAPER – THE BUSINESS STRATEGY GAME About Management Processes From the Business Strategy Game, I learned that first important process for a company to determine its future business path was to set a strategic and realistic planning about what is the company goal, how long the goal will be achieved and how to achieve the goal among the competition. In setting the plan, company should define first what is their mission statement or strategic vision. This mission statement is a statement which indicates the purposes and activities of the company’s business/goals in brief, clear and focus words. Along with mission statement, company must clearly define its objectives quantitatively within certain period. From these quantitative objectives, company could set a realistic and attainable long term strategic planning to allocate budget and resources in the company. In strategic planning, company should define clearly its target market, financial objective and competitive position among the industry. This strategic planning will be the direction of the company in running its business. After setting the strategic planning, company should design an organization structure to manage the company effectively, by designating persons who will in charge in each roles and held responsibility in each area of the business in the company (marketing, finance, operation, sales and so on), especially the person who will be responsible as the leader of the company (as CEO). The role of CEO is very essential because he/she must lead company to the right direction in implementing company strategy to achieve company’s objectives. From the clear and effective organization structure, CEO and management will have clear legitimation and authority in directing all resources in the company to implement the company’s strategy. Finally, the company should closely and intensively controlling and monitoring the performance of the strategy during implementation to assess its progress against the pre-defined targets and ensure that all the company elements were doing their parts and responsibility in the right track. About Management Functions In a company, management should establish the right and important functions which will run the company operational activities, define what are the responsibilities of each functions and ensure that each functions performed in accordance with the company objectives. In order to give more value to the company in terms of profitability, management should work together to set a strategy in making company’s output (product or services) more competitive in the market by considering all aspects involved. As an example, to gain more profitability company could set pricing strategy to be higher or lower compare to market but before decided the price, company should consider other aspects such as costs, quality and resources needed in creation of the product or services. About Working in Teams In working as a team member in the company, it is very important to determine a clear designation about who will act as the leader and the follower. Because if there’s no clear designation, potentially will cause the resources in the company to move to the wrong direction and this will destruct company effort in achieving its objectives. As a leader, a person should show the ability to manage and to coach the entire team member to do their tasks properly, and he/she should has willingness to listen and appreciation to his/her followers insights at the same time. And as a follower, one should give respect to the leader and obey the leader decisions. But it is important too for the company to define what is the follower assignment and designation, because if it is not clearly defined, the follower couldn’t perform nor contributed optimally in attaining company’s objective process. What I plan to do in my work place from the experience and lessons I took from the BSG are : As the leader of my unit I will put more effort to be an effective and efficient leader of my unit and will put more awareness to all my team member that our jobs especially in designing the most efficient operational work flow in my company has essential impact in saving the company budget and optimizing company resources which will contributed in achieving the company’s objective especially in financial aspect and giving more value to the customer and shareholder. And furthermore I will spend more time and effort to evaluate designation and job description for each member of my team, to put the right person to the right job and responsibility. If the designation and job description were not fit or not clear to the team member, it will impact to the performance of the working unit itself because each team member do not know exactly what is their role in their working unit. As a member of my management team I will put more consideration and attention about financial impact of any decision that my management made. From the BSG, I see that all activities in each working unit must be contributed and affected to the company strategic planning especially in achieving financial goals. And I will put more respect to any member and any decision of my management team made, even though sometimes the decision seems to be hard to be implement, I will try to see it from wider perspective that the decision must be made deliberately and considered many important aspects which ending is to give more value for the company.

Improving Communication in an Organization

Improving Communication in an Organization Rationale This research was to show how communications, knowledge and information can be improved within an organization. Planning, organizing, and controlling the financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. To determine how to carry out work are more effective than others. For example clientele may learn faster and they may more ready adopt proposed technology when certain teaching methods are used opposed to others. The determination of how is being spent often is best made by staff members who are directly involved in programmed delivery. This suggests that decision making decentralized, with resources being sub-divided among the various units of the organization. Background CSC consultancy is a start-up consulting firm, focused that has been recognized over six years now in Clarendon, Stalks Street Avenue. CSC offers advice to store owners, business owners and customers towards environmentally and sensitive buildings as well as recommendation. CSC offers a list services for businesses owners to choose from depending on their particular business needs and wants. This includes sales, finance, discipline and management. CSC offers a wide variety of services for clothes/ business solutions, needs and wants, requirement. This includes business and marketing plan preparation, financial, search and procumbent, consulting service management development, human resource advising. Established by: Oregon based with two principals; partners: Miss Camille Davis, Mr. David and Everton Dailey. Which each of whom owns 30% share in the company. Camille’s Fashion House This company was established in August 21 2002, owned by Camille Davis and her husband Winston Davis. This company is a small fashion house that carters for every household wives, husbands, boys and girls, early childhood. This company has a good customer care service, which entails 13 males, and 14 females. Ten women work in the clerk area, and the other four are cashiers, eleven males’ works in the packaging area, and the other three works in the shoe department. Camille fashion house is located in May Pen, Clarendon, at Evans Street. There is a security at the front of the door when walking in, our staff in my company they are very friendly and corporative. This company provides 27 employees in my establishment, a manager; Carnet Grant. The competition level in our area is very hectic, so therefore we have to advertise our business on the television, broadcast on the radio and the internet. There are a wide variety of clothes, from Italian, to leather, and cloth materials, we also provide shoes from heals to flat sandal shoes, from originally made shoes and internationally shoes. We also provide a wide variety of hand-bags, from both locally ware to international. We also provide children wares from kids to teenagers, from clothes to shoe ware. The company aims to provide quality services, good customer care, value of goods and services. This will improve more shoppers coming in to buy, whether on promotions or otherwise. CSC co-owners Camille D, David B and Everton Dailey, will each provide 30,000 that will each provide the bulk of the start-up business expenses. This other fund will come from the small business administration year loan. Objectives To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to develop the communication process. To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders this will depend upon the earning capacity. To ensure optimum funds utilization, if the funds are procured however they should be utilized in maximum possible way at least cost. To identify a sound plan of capacity structure, there should be invested in safe venture so that adequate rate of return can be achieved. Methodology A survey was carried out in the street using observations and interviews with fellow citizens and residents in my district and country. This survey was carried out to understand to recognize the communications which takes place effectively in organization. Also to understand the interaction between communication, knowledge and information. However, a qualitative evaluation will be utilized for this research project of subjective methods such as interviews and observations to collect relevant data. A SWOT analysis was used which includes; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to analyze how best to customize the course to the target citizens. I have established collaboration with fellow citizens from the communications and knowledge department. Working at this institution will be an opportunity for me to work on a very insightful project. Literature Review What is communication? According to â€Å"Skills You Need Helping You Develop Life Skills† at www.skillsyouneed.com ,communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. Although this is a simple definition, when we think about how we may communicate the subject becomes a lot more complex. There are various categories of communication and more than one can occur at any time. Different categories of communication are: Spoken or verbal communication, face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media. Non-verbal communication; body language gestures, how we dress or act even our scent. Written communication such as letters, emails, books, magazines, the internet or other media. According to the Journal of Communication Management, ISSN 1363-254x, the management of knowledge goes far beyond the storage and manipulation of data, or even of information. It is the attempt to recognize what is essentially a human asset buried in the minds of individuals, and leverage it into an organizational asset that can be accused and used by a broader set of individuals on whose decisions the firm depends. The ability to manage human intellect and its conversion into useful product is perhaps, the most critical management skill in our age, providing the ultimate in competitive edge. At www.enotes.com , where how to assess internal and external sources of information and understanding was defined clearly. Managers in organization need information on what is happening within the organization as well as about the external environment within which the organization operates. People at lower level of organization need more of the internal information and less of external information. But with increasing level of external information increases and the quantity of internal information increases. The managers at the top management level thus need a large amount of external information on the environment within which they operate. Findings Discuss the range of decisions to be taken Decisions are apart of the managers remit. Difficult choices may have to be made for the common good of the organization. Information is used by businesses to assist in the decision making process at different levels such as: Strategic decisions are long term complex decisions made by senior management. The decisions will affect the entire direction of the company for example to become: The market leader in the field. Azan super-center might discontinue the sales of utensils in Ohio Rios as went down in the past year. Tactical decisions are medium term, less complex decisions made by middle management, they follow on form strategic decisions and aim to meet the objective stated in any strategic decision. Operation decisions are day to day decisions made by Junior managers that are simple and routine. This may include the regular auditory of supplies or the creation of a staff master. The manager of Azan’s supercenter decides that he or she would advertise for a new sales representative in the local newspaper. Assess internal and external sources of information and understanding Every organization has a formal communication network which ideas and information flow along the lines of command. Downward , horizontal and upward direction, these are the three ways in which formal communication flows. Downward communication flows from executive to employees , conveying executive decisions , and providing information that helps employees to their jobs. Providing insights into problem , trends , opportunities , griviances and performance, thus allowing executive to solve problems and make intelligent decisions. Horizontal communication close between department to help employees share information , coordinate task and solve complex problems. Smart managers know that particularly active grape is a sign that formal communication network is not providing the information employees believed they need: External communication flows into and out of the organization by both formal announcement and informal contract at industry galleries or networking and social events. Informal external changes are now considered so important that a new class of technology has sprang up to enable them. Internal source of information, that you use in your business can be primary information that you obtain from inside your own company. There are different types of internal information such as: Financing information Marketing information Purchasing information Sales information Administrative information Personnel information Justify recommendations for improvement Identify stakeholders for a decision making process Stakeholder relationship that are unmanaged or mismanaged have a number of consequences for any given company. These include unnecessary expenses , and a lack of buying to processes and initiatives aimed of transforming the company. However , stakeholder management is a difficult understanding for an organization because it requires investment and commitment to long term structured process. In order to develop business strategies one should or must: Identifying your stakeholders Particularly in large organizations this process is a critical one because the network of stakeholders with an investment or interest in your business is broader than others. Prioritized them, however noble your intentions, regarding stakeholder relationship management there unfortunately have to be some individual and group whose needs are more important and who require prioritization if you intend to maintain their support. Understand their needs, stakeholders require consistent and regular communication and service. However, their individual distinctiveness. Requires that this communication be personalized and targeted. Engage with them, you must find innovative and effective manner in which to communicate with these stakeholders. Whatever tactics you use , it is helpful to have a communication plan in place so that the process runs smoothly without negatively impacting on productivity. Monitor your engagement efforts, it is important to track and monitor your efforts and gage the responses to them. Speak to individuals directly , encourage feedback and through email tracking assess whether people are reading the information that you are deciminating. Make contact with those identified and develop business relationships The most important way in which you can make contact with your stakeholders is by identifying the target audience. These ways include; meetings , conference calls , news , letters or emails or posters which could be a means of a formal method for communicating. While on the other-hand, hall- way conversations , lunch meetings, drinks at a bar after work and sport events could be a means of a formal method , in which to make contact and develop business relationships. Has you build your network you need to nurture your contacts so that you can be a valuable network resource. They are as follows: Stay in-touch Connect with your contact Ask how you can help Share resources Include and collaborate Attend social events Call your contact Update your social media sites Send a news letter or a blog post

Saddam Hussein :: essays research papers

Saddam Hussein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Middle East is an extremely volatile region of the world, and much of the current instability may be due to one man, Saddam Hussein. During the last few years, under Hussein's direction, Iraq has gone from being an oil rich country to a country that is suffering major embargoes and is low on supplies. Iraqi leaders are trying to leave as they realize how power can corrupt a man. If Hussein stays in power, the future looks bleak for the Gulf region.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq used to be a prosperous country. Oil was the main source of income for the area. During the Iran-Iraq War (Gulf War 1), which was from September 1980 to August 1988, Iraq went from being a wealthy country to a very poor country, nearly over night. Hussein had used all energy available in that war, and he came out of it losing over 1/3 of the entire male population of Iraq (Allman 61). Saddam feels that is actions were justified because he believes the Iran-Iraq war was a conspiracy by the US, Britain, and Israel to undermine Iraq (Kondrache 11). This leads people of the world to believe that this is a man who will stop at nothing to achieve what he wants. He was willing to risk his whole nation for a more money. High financial priorities? Survey says â€Å"yes† .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basis on which Hussein is in power is controversial. He was not elected to his position, he took it. There was a military coup in 1968 that led him and his Ba'ath party to power. He was not elected, as until last year, there had not been an election since the coup (Cooperman 49). This says that Hussein has been a tyrant from the start, and his need for power is incredible. He wants complete domination of the Middle East, if not the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq is now a country struggling to survive. It is in the midst of an embargo, and the people are suffering. Death rates are up, and the amount of food available is declining. Saddam is displaced from his people, though. He is not feeling the same effects as they are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Pursian Gulf War erupted in 1990 with Hussein ordering an invasion of neighboring Kuwait, on the grounds that Kuwait was stealing oil from in Iraqi oil field. The US became involved in this war for the next year, and they successfully pushed Iraq out of Kuwait. Iraq, however, feels that it won this war. The leaders of Iraq were still in power after the war ended, so the